A primeira coisa que você precisa pensar quando você se propõe a gravar um material é definir qual objetivo deseja alcançar com o seu setup. A iluminação é parte essencial de uma gravação e pode arruinar ou elevar muito a qualidade da sua produção.
A primeira coisa que precisamos desmistificar é a falácia de que é necessário muitos equipamentos e investir muito do nosso tempo para conseguir uma boa iluminação em nossas produções.
Quando se pensa em iluminação para vídeo, a fonte mais simples e poderosa que podemos ter é a luz do sol.
A luz do sol irá ajudar a você conseguir um ótimo ambiente para gravação, e caso você sinta que está muito claro, use cortinas para controlar a luz vinda de uma janela ou algum tecido translúcido para suavizar a luz e chegar ao efeito desejado.
Partindo disso, o esquema de iluminação de 3 pontos permitirá que você alcance uma alta qualidade de luz para a maioria das gravações, e vale a pena abusar da criatividade, seja aproveitando uma luz que entra através da janela, um abajur no fundo e um refletor ou painel de led simples para uma luz direta no objeto que você deseja filmar.
Para não gastar muito, uma dica bacana é por exemplo utilizar um ring light que é facilmente encontrado em lojas como amazon e mercado livre e é o suficiente para a maioria de gravações para redes sociais como esta que eu estou fazendo.
Por último evite utilizar fontes de luz de cores diferentes, pois a maioria das câmeras de entrada estarão configuradas com o balanço de branco automático e possivelmente seus takes ficarão diferentes uns dos outros.
Entrando um pouquinho na técnica por trás disso, estamos falando de um esquema de iluminação de 3 pontos, divididos em:
Luz principal (key light)
Luz de preenchimento (fill light)
Luz de fundo (back light)
A luz principal é a responsável por iluminar com mais intensidade um objeto ou pessoa, é a luz que irá marcar a sua cena. Já a luz de preenchimento, como o próprio nome indica, é responsável por preencher um outro ângulo, porém com uma intensidade menor.
Por último, a luz de fundo é a responsável por destacar seu objeto da cena adicionando profundidade para sua gravação.
Ainda nesse quesito, uma proporção sugerida para a intensidade de cada fonte de luz para se chegar a um efeito bacana, podemos trabalhar considerando que a luz principal tenha intensidade de 100%, a luz de preenchimento seria 50% e a luz de fundo 20%, mas é claro que você pode brincar com isso para conseguir vários resultados diferentes.
Um outro esquema interessante de iluminação, é utilizar duas fontes de luz em 45 graus em relação ao objeto da gravação, com isso você consegue reduzir consideravelmente as sombras no rosto de uma pessoa por exemplo.
Para um setup ainda mais simples de iluminação, você pode apenas utilizar um ring light, que hoje é facilmente encontrado em lojas como amazon e mercado livre e são suficientes para a maioria das gravações que não demandam uma grande produção.
Eles inclusive já contam com um suporte para câmera ou até mesmo para gravar com um celular e se você posicionar ele com pelo menos 60cm de distância do objeto a ser filmado você já terá um resultado bem interessante.
Outra dica que eu gostaria de deixar é para que você evite misturar fontes de luz de diferentes cores, ou tecnicamente falando com temperaturas muito diferentes.
Quando falamos em cores e luz, utilizamos a escala de Kelvin que é responsável por indicar se uma luz é quente ou fria com base em números, dessa forma, quanto menor o seu número mais quente será essa luz, indo para o amarelo e vermelho e quanto maior o seu número na escala mais fria será a luz partindo para o branco, e depois o azul.
Sem entrar muito nos aspectos técnicos sobre o problema de se misturar fontes de luz muito diferentes, quando falamos em uma gravação de nível iniciante, provavelmente a câmera estará configurada para utilizar o balanço de branco em automático e dependendo da mistura de luzes sua câmera irá tentar se ajustar entre um take e outro e eles poderão ficar muito diferentes uns dos outros.
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